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drtreelove

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  1. Adequate Calcium is also an important element to consider, in balance with other cations. Do a pH or "fizz-test" . If your soil is alkaline then don't use lime. gypsum (calcium sulfate) is okay, but the problem is that what is sold as gypsum in Thailand is usually Calcium oxide, quicklime. There are other sources of Ca. August 29, 2014 by Permakulturnik The importance of Calcium for health and proper functioning of the plant Calcium is one of the elements, which are essential for plants. They need it in very large quantities – in Good soil, giving the highest value of fruits and vegetables, calcium is more than all the other necessary elements combined plants. It performs many functions in the plant (Calcium functions): § Regulates the absorption of other minerals by plants § It stimulates the correct elongation of plant cells § Strengthens the structure of the cell wall, which are responsible for the proper form and shape of plants § Participates in the process of enzymatic and hormonal § It helps to protect plants from heat stress § Protects the plant by diseases – many fungi and bacteria secretes enzymes, that attack the cell walls of plants. Strong and rich in calcium, cell walls are better able to resist the invasion of pathogens § Affects the quality of the fruit § It is needed for the proper functioning of stomata Can be briefly summarized as: “without lime there is nothing”! LIME - More Than an Agent to Change Soil pH.pdf
  2. Appropriate water management is a major factor. Adequate and balanced mineral nutrients can be a factor. Large fruits require a lot of Potassium (among other nutrients) for the growth and ripening process. When I write a soil-test-based Rx for amendments with the cation balancing method, for K-hungry crops especially durian, papaya, bananas, citrus, I bump up the potash amendment to 5% of the BCSR instead of the normal 4%. (See the book The Ideal Soil by Michael Astera, or The Intelligent Gardener, Steve Solomon). One of the best organic program compatible K sources is naturally mined Potassium sulfate 0-0-50, or Langbeinite (Sul-Po-Mag) 0-0-22. Avoid Potassium chloride 0-0-60, as it is extremely harsh and detrimental for the beneficial soil biology. As far as how much to apply, I wouldn't go out and dump a lot of K2SO4 on your soil, it should be a measured amount in relation to other nutrients. Without a soil analysis, the Langbeinite would be the safest. Best Garden State in Nakhon Pathom and on FB may carry it. And they do soil testing with a much better method than local labs and universities in my opinion. https://downtoearthfertilizer.com/products/single-ingredients/langbeinite-0-0-22/ Langbeinite Trees & Shrubs: Spread ½ -1 lb per 1″ of trunk diameter around the base outwards to the drip line, mix into soil surface and water in well. Potassium sulfate Without Soil Analysis (recommended rates for general use): For foliar and spray applications, mix ½ – 1 tsp per gallon of water. Apply with even coverage directly to plant leaves. For soil drench applications, mix 1-2 Tbsp per gallon of water.
  3. Over the years we have had many discussions on this forum regarding soil analysis. I belive that there is a lot of incomplete and mis-information on the subject. Here is my attempt (with the help of AI - Chat GPT) to explain some of the different approaches and methods of soil testing, chemical farming oriented SLAN, organic farming BCSR and the latest soil biology oriented regen ag methods and materials. SOIL TEST SYSTEMS Soil analysis systems play a crucial role in understanding soil health and fertility, aiding in agricultural productivity and landscape management. Here's a comparison of several commonly used systems: SLAN (Sufficiency Level of Available Nutrients): SLAN focuses on determining the available nutrients in the soil that are crucial for plant growth. It typically measures the levels of key nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sometimes other essential elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, etc. The analysis helps in determining if the soil has sufficient levels of nutrients to support optimal plant growth without excesses or deficiencies. SLAN is the primary method available from most university and commercial soil labs, as well as home NPK soil testing kits. It is chemical ag based and not consistent with ‘organic’ or ‘regenerative ag’ methods and materials. BCSR (Base Cation Saturation Ratio): BCSR is a soil fertility concept that focuses on the balance between certain positively charged ions, known as base cations, in the soil. These base cations typically include calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na). BCSR aims to maintain an ideal ratio between these base cations, which is believed to support optimal soil structure, pH, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. This soil analysis method, which is inspired by the work of Dr William Albrecht covers a wider range of plant nutrients than the SLAN method. Haney Test: The Haney Test is a comprehensive soil health assessment that goes beyond traditional nutrient analysis. It includes measures such as microbial activity, organic matter content, soil respiration, and the potential for nutrient cycling. This test provides insights into the overall biological activity and health of the soil, which can help in making informed decisions regarding soil management practices, including fertilization and crop selection. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/HaneyTest.pdf 4. Soil-Food -Web microbial analysis: Soil Food Web advocates and regenerative agriculture growers often use a soil testing system called the Soil Food Web Analysis. This method, pioneered by Dr. Elaine Ingham, focuses on assessing the health and biological activity of soil by examining the diversity and abundance of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and microarthropods. The Soil Food Web Analysis typically involves collecting soil samples from various depths and locations within a field or garden. These samples are then analyzed using microscopy and other techniques to identify and quantify the different microbial populations present. The goal is to understand the balance and diversity of organisms in the soil, as well as their interactions with each other and with plant roots. By understanding the soil food web and its dynamics, growers can make informed decisions about soil management practices, such as composting, cover cropping, crop rotation, and reduced tillage, to promote soil health and fertility in a sustainable manner. Comparison: Focus: SLAN primarily focuses on the levels of available nutrients, whereas BCSR looks at the balance of specific base cations, and the Haney Test assesses overall soil health, including biological activity. The Soil Food Web analysis is specific for microbiome assessment. Depth of Analysis: SLAN typically provides a basic analysis of nutrient levels, while BCSR delves into the balance of base cations, and the Haney Test offers a more holistic view by considering microbial activity, organic matter, etc. Application: SLAN and BCSR are often used in conventional agriculture for nutrient management and soil fertility improvement. The Haney Test is gaining popularity, especially in sustainable agriculture and regenerative farming practices, where soil health and biodiversity are prioritized. Complexity and Cost: SLAN is relatively straightforward and cost-effective, while BCSR requires more nuanced interpretation and analysis. The Haney Test is the most comprehensive but also the most complex and expensive of the three options. Regenerative Agriculture, as promoted by Kiss the Ground advocates, The Soil Food Web School and Advancing Eco Agriculture, as well as others, represents a modern movement away from pure chemical soil analysis toward a primary consideration of the soil biology and related processes, and how the microbiome is affected positively or negatively by management of growing methods and materials. Don’t miss this key perspective on soil food web and regenerative agriculture: John Kempf, Changing Agronomy with Biology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cHPOMBe2SUE
  4. The "Integrity Grown" development is great news from the master Regen Ag advocate John Kempf, AEA (Advancing Eco Agriculture). This program has the possibility of eliminating some of the limitations and weaknesses in "Organic" terminology and varied practices, misinformation, confusing consumer marketing hype, some outright misrepresentation and fraud, and certification program standards.
  5. Regan Ag movement is gaining traction worldwide, for good reasons. When will Thailand farmers get on board? This from the University of California, finally. Glenda Humiston Vice President UC Agriculture and Natural Resources In January I’ve been participating in a variety of planning meetings to set priorities and objectives for UC ANR’s work in the new year. One discussion that will have ramifications for many of us, not just in the coming months but for years down the road, is the ongoing dialogue around defining “regenerative agriculture.” Presently, the term represents a somewhat nebulous but undeniably significant movement toward agriculture that builds soil health, strengthens biodiversity and sequesters carbon for the benefit of people and planet. But more concrete language is necessary to guide future policy, practices and programs; encompass our state’s wide range of ecosystems and soils; and meet the needs of a wide range of stakeholders. It is imperative we have a sensible, science-based definition. And it needs to work for farmers and ranchers of all sizes, tribes, scientists, businesses and environmental groups – as well as the broader public whose sustenance relies on strong and resilient food systems. The California Department of Food and Agriculture and the State Board of Food and Agriculture are collecting comments at RegenerativeAg AT cdfa.ca.gov and hosting listening sessions in February, April and May on this crucial topic. I encourage you to attend an upcoming session – and spread the word among your colleagues, clientele and community members to share their feedback – so we can work together to craft a definition that is relevant and useful for all. Regenerative agriculture was a major theme of this year’s EcoFarm Conference, held Jan. 17-20 in Pacific Grove.
  6. Well that's one way to do it, kill every living thing in the garden and pond. lambda-CYHALOTHRIN "The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to mammals and bees." National Ins titutes of Health (.gov)
  7. Homemade Insecticidal Soap Recipe The simplest insecticidal soap is nothing more than a 2% soap solution. To make this at home, you will need: Sprayer: Any clean spray bottle or garden sprayer will work fine for spraying insecticidal soap. Make sure the sprayer or bottle hasn’t been used for herbicides. Pure Soap: Use a pure liquid soap, such as Castile, or all-natural soap. The active ingredient in insecticidal soap comes from the fatty acids in animal fat or vegetable oil, so it’s important to use the real thing. Don’t use detergents (which aren’t actually soaps), dish soaps, or any products with degreasers, skin moisturizers, or synthetic chemicals. Dr. Bronner’s Pure Castile Soap is usually pretty easy to find in stores, or check your local natural-foods store for other options. Pure Water: Tap water is fine for making insecticidal soap. If you have hard water, you may want to use bottled water to prevent soap scum from building up on your plants. To make homemade 2% insecticidal soap, mix together: 5 tablespoons soap to 1 gallon of water OR 1 heavy tablespoon soap to 1 quart of water Other ingredients that can be added to homemade insecticidal soap Homemade Insecticidal Soap Recipe Variations Like any other home remedy, there are as many variations on this recipe as there are gardeners! You can also try: Diluted Solution: If the spray causes damage or burns your plant foliage, cut the amount of soap in half and try a 1% solution. This is the concentration usually found in commercial sprays. The lighter solution might be less effective but is gentler on plants. Cooking Oil: To help the solution stick a little longer, add two tablespoons of light cooking oil (such as corn, canola, olive, or safflower) per gallon of water to the mix. Vinegar: To make a spray that also targets powdery mildew, add a teaspoon of cider vinegar per gallon of water to the mix. Garlic or Pepper: To help repel chewing insects, add a teaspoon of ground red pepper and/or garlic per gallon of water to the mix. Bar Soap: For a less-exact recipe, drop a bar of pure soap (such as organic bar soap or Ivory) into a gallon of water and leave it overnight. Remove the bar and shake well before spraying.
  8. Here's some excepts from a course on Plant Health Care from learntrees.com with some interesting statements on PHC and Integrated Pest Management: Integrated pest management is an environmentally sensitive approach to controlling pests that does not rely totally on pesticides. IPM depends on frequent monitoring of plants and pests so that control strategies are used only when and where needed. IPM is a decision-making process that assesses pest status and determines logical and environmentally sound management tactics. A variety of control methods--cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical may be employed. Furthermore, IPM takes a holistic approach to pest control encompassing pests, and diseases rather than singling out only one pest-plant problem. By understanding the use of IPM as part of Plant Health Care, we can ensure the long-term survivability of our trees and the health of our environment. If we approach IPM as part of a responsible PHC program this means practitioners should choose the least toxic, narrow-spectrum control option necessary to meet the objective. This helps to avoid pest resistance and secondary pest outbreaks. These control options may include biorational control products – Insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, botanicals, insect growth regulators (IGRs), microbial-based products, and microbial agents. This also means that we must incorporate sound cultural practices as the basis of our PHC program. If we promote total plant health, we avoid many problems (preventative medicine). Cultural and environmental problems are minimized, and healthy plants are better able to withstand insect or disease damage. While often the most successful approach, prevention strategies are sometimes insufficient for managing pest populations and plant injury at tolerable levels. When monitoring reveals that an action threshold has been exceeded, control is often necessary. Eradication, or complete elimination, of a pest is often unrealistic and is rarely a goal in IPM unless dealing with highly noxious, introduced pests. Suppression is the most common insect pest control goal in plant health care, intending to reduce the pest population to tolerable levels. Monitoring is a program of regular inspections to make observations and collect information to aid in making decisions about the management of pests and disorders. Monitoring is critical to the success of an IPM effort. When monitoring indicates that pests require attention, PHC employs an IPM approach to manage them. The primary keys to successful IPM are familiarity with pests' life cycles, correct diagnosis, and monitoring. Monitoring is crucial, but you must also have the correct identity, behavior, and life cycle information. One has to know, for example, when to begin the monitoring process, and to do this, you have to know the pests' complete profile. So, when do we take action? There are various criteria used to answer this question and determine our action threshold. If the pest is life-threatening to the plant, mere presence may dictate management action. However, mere presence does not always dictate the action. Plant phenological stage can also influence injury tolerance and impact pest control decisions. Phenology is the relationship between recurring biological events and weather changes. Pest managers often use an economic threshold - population level at which serious damage or yield losses occur, to signal that action must be taken. The aesthetic threshold is the damage level that is unacceptable to the viewer, even though plant health may not be at stake. Unfortunately, ignorance about the pest and the plant's ability to withstand some damage often results in unnecessary pesticide applications. There are four general methods to manage insect, disease, and weed problems. Cultural Control Biological Control Mechanical Control Chemical Control Several of these tactics may be carried on concurrently or implemented at different times to achieve a truly integrated management approach.
  9. 1. Sanitation, cleanliness. If you don't feed them they will not come. 2. Chaindrite Crack and Crevice aerosol for spot spraying of problem areas. Cypermethrin and Bifenthrin with about a month residual effectiveness. Least toxic but use PPEs and avoid food and pet exposure.
  10. I sympathize, it takes awhile to gain confidence in shelving the harsh chemicals and trusting the biologicals and integrated pest management. But it does work if you can get it right. The key is not one product or practice, but a comprehensive preventive management plan. I have found that plant pest and disease resistance can be achieved faster than I thought with preventive management, primarily good water management (not too much or too little) and soil fertility building. Not just 'fertilization' for growth response, but building "high nutrient density" in soil and plants, as taught by the Soil Food Web School and modern Regenerative Agriculture models, reduction vs oxidation practices as taught by Dr Olivier Husson and featured by Matt Powers, The Permaculture Student. Avoid high salts, high NPK chemical fertilizers, they definitely set up the wrong kind of chemistry which becomes a pest magnet. Cover crop with mixed species (Dr Christine Jones), or plant mixed diversified beds as in the Grow Biointensive method (How to Grow More Vegetables... John Jeavons), mulch, never allow bare ground around your plantings. Recognize that the beneficial soil biology, as well as a protective microbiome on the leaf and stem surfaces, are important natural plant protection processes and barriers for pests and pathogens. Cultivate this and don't destroy this biology as best possible. As well as building soil organic matter content or cover cropping, inoculate your soil with compost, compost tea or extract, worm castings or the effluent, and spray the foliage and stems with it too. There are always some aggressive pests or disease that can get started no matter how good your management, but that is best handled by knowing local issues and anticipating seasonal infestations and infections, and by daily or at least weekly inspections and early intervention. Like right now, as the weather warms up and the spring growing season kicks in, you can expect to see moths and butterflies flying around looking for inviting habitat to lay their eggs, which hatch into hungry larvae/caterpillars. If you know this is coming, you can get ahead of it. Inspect daily for egg masses or first instar caterpillars, especially the underside of leaves. Mechanical control is an important and effective IPM method; Hand picking off of caterpillars, rubbing off mealy bugs with a rag or cotton glove, or using a water blast can achieve a practical level of control without any environmental contamination. If necessary, use your botanicals with the right timing, you don't wait for the caterpillars to start feeding heavily and then try to knock them down, but you anticipate this and apply your rosemary, lemon grass and/or clove botanical, or Aza concentrate (neem seed oil extract of azadirachtin) weekly as a preventive repellent. Or if you are away from your garden and it gets ahead of you a little, then you can still do early intervention before the losses mount. Wood vinegar, pyrethrins (harder to find here) are potent organic program compatible knock down insecticides with minimal residual environmental contamination. Don't panic at the first sign of insect activity. If you have built reasonably good soil fertility the moths may fly around but not be attracted and not lay their eggs and feed on your plants. One or two grasshoppers may start to feed a little but not be attracted and not call in their swarm of buddies. Some insects seek habitat on your plants but do not feed there. Try to identify and know what you are dealing with so that you don't over-react and can manage appropriately and use biorational methods and materials. Don
  11. I thought you were striving for organic management. The approach you indicate is contrary to a biological program. Be advised, Abamectin as well as obviously being ineffective, is a harsh chemical pesticide, detering or killing off beneficials (pest predators and parasites, birds, weaver ants, mini-wasps, beneficial bacteria and fungi). It's also a "translaminar" (penetrating systemic) chemical that can penetrate the skin and contaminate your fruit. A better approach might be to cultivate the micro-biome on plant and fruit tissue surfaces, and to build a favorable environment for beneficials, build soil fertility and natural resistance to pests and diseases.
  12. Conventional/chemical mango orchard management will possibly involve repeated foliar pesticide spraying during mango fruit fly infestation season,unless they are bagging the fruit. Your property could be subject to pesticide spray drift, if that's a concern for you and especially if you are planning on any organic growing for personal use, and/or it could affect organic grower certification if you are going that route. Shade from mature orchard trees could affect your bordering property if you are intending to grow veggies, home orchard or field crops. "Very well kept", what does that mean to you? It could mean heavy herbicide applications for weed control that can leach into ground water or drift into your property and a water pond. Some herbicides (and the surfactants that are mixed with them as adjuvants) can volatilize at over about 26C into a gaseous drift that can pollute nearby water, crops or landscapes.
  13. In my opinion a pH test alone is almost worthless, this is a much misunderstood and misused measurement; so you find out he pH is acidic or alkaline, what are you going to do about it? Conventional soil testing (SLAN system geared to chemical fertilizer inputs) is inappropriate and obsolete in light of the most up-to-date organic land care and regenerative ag science and practices. With the questionalble economics of rubber and your non-interest in farming, why put a lot of money into soil testing and Rx amendments? It takes much more than fertilizer to have a successful plantation, you would need to do a lot of self-study on tree crop management, methods and materials, or maybe decide to just rent or contract out the ag aspect of your land and the rubber production to a neighboring grower. Even intercropping the young rubber plantation with a cash crop will take some farming experience and dedication.
  14. I had the e-book in my files. Copyright 2014. The author's website is no longer online. But the orientation is primarily about nitrogen fixation with legume cover crops. There has been so much more evolved information come out in the last 10 years. fertilizer_for_free.pdf
  15. Mixed species cover cropping. Most beneficial for soil and tree health and least expensive. See The Regenerative Agriculture discussion on this forum. There is a former member on this forum (2009 -2010 maybe) a permaculture advocate, who wrote a book that I think was available as an e-book "Fertilizer For Free", about cover cropping. I can't remember his name. I'll look for it. But the following videos from Dr Christine Jones (Australian soil microbiologist) are the most up to date with modern science and practices in my opinion. cover cropping orchards and vineyards https://youtu.be/PJs8GU1cG30?si=aKmMgXp1oCSDH112 why change https://youtu.be/SYRpFqUlK78?si=iUJnvKVDJtGt5boK
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